Where Will They All Live? Negotiating Access to Housing (Perspectives from Karachi and Metro Manila)
This event summary is reproduced from UTokyo IFI’s description of an event that I organized at UTokyo IFI. It was hosted by the SDGs unit at UTokyo IFI. This was the third event of the four-part series on aspects related to challenges of governance and precarious living in an increasingly urban world. Dr. Noman Ahmed (Prof. & Dean, NED Univ. Karachi) spoke about the challenges of informal housing in Karachi, and Dr. Chester Arcilla (Assistant Prof., Univ. of Philippines) spoke about the same issue within the context of Metro Manila.
In his presentation titled, “Issues related to rights and access to housing: the case of Karachi, Pakistan”, Dr. Ahmed highlighted key challenges faced by people, especially the under-privileged. He challenged the perception that housing is a tangible product that can be manufactured and delivered in numbers and ‘consumed’ in the same manner. On the contrary, housing is a process. It continues to evolve and change according to a resident’s needs, external economic and social influences, technology, governance mechanisms, and technological variations. Common challenges in respect to housing include diminishing options for the underprivileged, reduction in scale and delivery of social housing, and commodification of land. Karachi grapples with these and many more challenges.
Karachi’s housing needs derive from natural population growth, breakdown of joint families into nuclear families, migration, backlog due to unmet demands, and replacement requirements for dilapidated housing. Urban poor live in terrible conditions due to multiple reasons. No land supply initiatives have been adopted by state institutions during the past three decades. People continue to live in squatter settlements that comprise of varying categories. However, evictions and razing of settlements have increased over time. The poor are forced to move out to remote city peripheries, resulting in enormous hardships due to high costs of commuting, reduction in options of livelihoods, and limited access to social amenities. Government agencies and functionaries generally believe that squatter dwellers are criminals and that ‘anti-social’ elements must be elbowed out of the city. Support systems for the marginalized urban poor are limited. However, in some locations, the poor have built internal social linkages, which help them survive against the various threats and challenges they face on a daily basis.
An objective analysis of these dismal living conditions is in order. Based on this analysis, a consultative process must be launched to evolve workable solutions for upgrading urban poor settlements. Karachi shall hugely benefit if such an approach is adopted.
Sharing his perspectives on housing challenges in Metro Manila, Dr. Arcilla laid out the case of the elusive nature of affordable and decent housing for the Filipino poor. In his presentation titled, “Urban subaltern housing struggles in the Philippines: community barricades, state negotiations, and slum socialities fragmentation”, he discussed how dominant socialized housing approach displaces the Filipino urban subaltern to unsustainable and unlivable off-city resettlements to clear in-city spaces for gentrification funded by foreign capital and overseas Filipino remittances. Drawing from almost six years of engaged ethnographic research in a large slum in Metro Manila, he highlighted how heterogeneous grassroots socialities are affected, and how they respond to forced evictions and demolitions, and other neoliberal technologies for slum clearing. In their struggle for their right to adequate hous¬ing and inclusive urban development, subalterns adopt different strategies ranging from quiet encroachment to a politics of negotiations and confrontation. The politics of confron¬tation—community barricades co-constitutes claims and expands spaces for ‘democratic participation’, and builds upon long years of quiet encroachment capacities. Given the unequal relations between the state, elites, and subalterns, hard-fought democratic expansions enable some urban surplus redistribution but are routinized within neoliberal rationalities. Some grassroots associations are compelled to facilitate the segregation of slum peoples into market segments and ‘productive’ subjectivities to access limited housing resources and secure shelter for their families. This fragments community socialities excludes the poor¬est of the poor, and de-legitimizes militant right to the city struggles for all—a situation reflective of the increasing penetration into slum spaces of neoliberal dispossessions for elite accumulations.
During the open forum, participants asked if Filipino slum dwellers have used their numbers as vote-banks to advance their claims to housing and if their enactments contain the potential for radical class politics. Dr. Arcilla noted that, indeed, the urban subalterns have traditionally used this strategy as much as quiet encroachment and patronage politics. However, the increasing pressure from economic elites to supply high-end real estate and commercialize in-city spaces to attract foreign investment and overseas Filipino capital has resulted in increased forced evictions, and the emergence of confrontational politics manifesting as community barricades. The potential for radical politics of the Filipino urban subaltern is seen in historic moments such as the successful 2010 San Roque barricade and the recent housing takeover by the Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (Kadamay). Dr. Arcilla made the case that, on their own, the urban poor cannot sustain claims for inclusive and socially-just urban development. Thus, political participation from all urban citizens who have been left out of neoliberal development is necessary. He also noted that these radical political enactments result in more concessions, no matter how limited, from the state for the recognition of the right to adequate housing.
