"It is small-scale providers that sell water to urban poor communities in Metro Manila. The quality may be substandard, supply irregular, and prices higher than those purchasing water directly from private concessionaires. The threat of physical violence in cases like Alan and his competitors, or financial losses for communities as they spend substantial portions of their incomes on water are significant aspects. In urban settlements in Metro Manila, Cathy, Michael, and Alan and his competitors may be referred to as ‘syndicates’. Unlike cooperatives, which are endorsed by Maynilad and Manila Water—private concessionaires responsible for water provision, and the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (mwss), the government institution responsible for oversight—syndicates are deemed to operate illegally."

Despite some gains on SDG 6.1 (access to clean and affordable water for all), the world is falling behind. One out of four people lack access to water. In addition to increased funding, a deeper understanding of experienced water shortages (invisible in global metrics) is crucial. 1. Global monitoring frameworks like the JMP of the UN and WHO should include a focus on links between water access and informal settlements. 2. Local governments and international development agencies should fund research co-created with local communities on water governance. 3. Local governments should play a strong role to ensure affordable and clean water for the urban poor communities. Such knowledge could contribute towards the success of SDG 6.1.